We reproduce here a brief excerpt taken from the
projected book The Idea: Anarchist Communism Past, Present and Future written by Nick
Heath. The text below describes how Joseph Déjacque was the first person
to use the word libertarian as a term
interchangeable with anarchist.
Nick
Heath also outlines how Déjacque was an early and significant theorist of communist anarchism.
The
first two chapters of The Idea are currently available in full on Libcom.org.
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Joseph Déjacque also participated in the 1848 events as well as in the
insurrection the following year. In often extremely violent and poetic
language, he attacked religion, property, the family and the State, and
advocated action by small groups who would hasten the end of the old
hierarchical order.
The massacres of June 1848 brought him not only to a
rejection of exploitation and economic privilege, but equally to a rejection of
all forms of authority. In exile in the States he produced a journal in French,
Le Libertaire, the first recorded use
of the term libertarian as an alternative to that of anarchist.
He continued
the trailblazing work of the Humanitaire Group in his development of a kind of
anarchist communism –“the anarchist community” (communauté anarchique). He
rejected the strategy of Blanquism with its secret societies. Unlike Proudhon,
he was able to reject the idea of the family. Indeed, he was able to offer
fraternal criticisms of Proudhon himself, for his failure to carry his thoughts
through to their ultimate conclusion.
He rejects Proudhon’s mutualism as much
as he rejects the Statism of the inheritors of the Jacobin tradition. In reply
to Proudhon’s belief in the individual ownership of the products of labour,
Déjacque replied that “it is not the product of his or her labour that the
worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever
may be their nature"("l'Echange", article in
Le Libertaire no 6, September 21, 1858,
New York). It is true that he owed a great debt to Fourier, - and this becomes
apparent in his pamphlet
L’Humanisphere:
utopie anarchique - but his Fourierism is one stripped of all its reformist
and authoritarian traits and he often makes criticisms of the prophet of social
harmony.
He may be correctly cited as one of the grandfathers of anarchist
communism, his project of collective class emancipation was linked to complete
liberty for the individual, thus being one of the first to re-define communism
in opposition to the authoritarian concepts of Cabet et al.
Importantly, in opposition to Proudhon, he was deeply concerned with
linking the emancipation of women to that of the working class. Castigating
Proudhon for his rampant misogyny he was to say:
"Is it possible, great
publicist, that under your lion’s skin so much of the ass may be
found?...Father Proudhon, shall I say it? When you talk of women you appear
like a college boy who talks very loudly and in a high key, at random and with
impertinence, in order to appear learned, as you do to your callow hearers, and
who like you knows not the first thing of the matter he is talking about
…Listen, Master Proudhon! Before you talk of woman, study her; go to school."
"Stop calling yourself an anarchist, or be an anarchist clear through. Talk to
us, if you wish to, of the unknown and the known, of God who is evil, of
property which is robbery; but when you talk of man do not make him an
autocratic divinity, for I will answer you that man is evil. Attribute not to
him a stock of intelligence which belongs to him only by right of conquest, by
the commerce of love, by usury on the capital that comes entirely from woman
and is the product of the soul within her. Dare not to attribute to him that
which he has derived from another or I will answer you in your own words:
“Property is robbery!” …Raise your voice, on the contrary, against the
exploitation of woman by man”. …"centre right anarchist, liberal and not
libertarian you want free trade for cotton and the candle, and you advocate
protective systems of man against woman in the movement of human passions; you
shout against the barons of capital, and you want to rebuild the high barony of
male over female vassal; ... " (On The Human Being, Male and Female,
1857).
"The Idea" part 1.
"The Idea" part 2.